Participants will have enough knowledge to achieve reduced capital, operating and maintenance costs along with increase in efficiency of power generation. During the duration of this course, participants will understand and learn the following:-

• Refresh of Electrical Fundamentals & Basics (Power types, power factor, inductance, …).
• Understand practical power distribution fundamentals & Different layouts.
• The fundamentals and basics of generators.
• How to control frequency and voltage.
• Gain knowledge of synchronization methods and conditions;
• Understand the need for load sharing & shedding processes.
• The earthing system for generators.
• The different protection needed for generators.
• Determine short-circuit ratings quickly and effectively
• Assess and specify correct grounding throughout your electrical network.
• Understand the electrical characteristics of various electrical faults.
• Recognize modern protective relays and understand their basic operation.
• Appreciate the characteristics and importance of voltage transformers and current transformers in achieving dependable and accurate electrical protection systems.
• Comprehensive understanding of principles and selection of protection relays and protection schemes for generators.
• Understand diagnostic testing and inspection, advanced fault detection techniques, critical components, and common failure modes.
• Discover the maintenance required to minimize their operating cost and maximize generator’s efficiency, reliability and longevity.

Engineers and Technicians from Electrical Power Utilities Companies, Manufactures, Engineering Professional, Petrochemical Companies, and Commercial Buildings are recommended to attend.

Participants need to have some specific basic understanding of Electricity and Magnetism and knowledge of nature and operation of Power supply and distribution system.

This interactive Training will be highly interactive, with opportunities to advance your opinions and ideas and will include;

• Lectures
• Workshop & Work Presentation
• Case Studies and Practical Exercise
• Videos and General Discussions

Review Electrical Parameters & Fundamentals

• DC Circuits.
• Kirchoff’s Laws.
• Circuit Analysis.
• Power and Energy Dissipation.
• Bridge Measurements.
• Inductance.
  • o   Faraday’s Law.
  • Energy stored in an inductor.
• capacition
  • Energy Stored in a capacitor.
• AC Circuits & Power Factor.
• Power Dissipation.
• Power Supplies & Power types (Triangle).
• Three Phase Connections (Delta/Star).
• Magnetic Circuits.

AC Generators Basics, Theories & Construction

• introduction
• Prime mover (Gas Turbines & Diesel).
• Generator Basics.
• The Synchronous Machine: Preliminaries.
  • P-Pole Machines.
  • Cylindrical vs. Salient-Pole Construction.
• Generator Field MMF.
• Synchronous Generator Construction.
• The Speed of Rotation of a Synchronous Generator.
• The Equivalent Circuit of a Synchronous Generator.
• The Phasor Diagram of a Synchronous Generator.
• Power in Synchronous Generators.
• The Synchronous Generator Operating Alone.
• Principal Steady State Characteristics.
• General.
  • Winding Insulation.
  • Cooling of Generators.
  • Insulated Bearings.
• Synchronous generators & Short circuit.
• Machine Reactance Modeling.

 Synchronous Generator Ratings & Capability Diagram

• Synchronous Generator Ratings & Capability Diagram.
• Machine Ratings.
  • Apparent Power.
  • Power Factor.
  • Real Power.
  • Terminal Voltage.
  • Stator Current.
  • Field Voltage.
  • Field Current.
  • speed
• The Voltage, Speed, and Frequency Ratings.
• Synchronous Generator Capability Curves.
• The Generator’s Capability Diagram – Typical Case.
• Short-Time Operation and Service Factor.
• Generator Machine Losses.
• Monitored Parameters.
  • Generator Electrical Parameters.
• Example of using Capability curve.

  Earthing Systems & Neutral Earthing of Generator

• introduction
• Equipment Earthing.
• System Earthing.
  • Unearthed systems.
  • Solid earthing.
  • Resistance earthing.
  • Reactance earthing.
• Classification o Supply / Installation System Earthing.
• Sensing of Ground/Earth faults
• Earthing Via Neutral Earthing Compensator.
  • Distribution transformers.
  • Zig-Zag transformers.
• Comparison of Methods (Advantages/Disadvantages).
  • Evaluation of earthing methods.
• Testing the earthing electrode Resistance & Earthing grids.

Excitation System, AVR & PSS

• Excitation Systems.
• Excitation System Requirements.
  • Generator considerations.
  • Power system considerations.
• Elements of an Excitation System.
• Types of Generator Excitation Systems and Voltage Control
  • General.
  • Conventional Excitation.
  • Static Excitation.
  • Brushless Excitation (General Case).
  • Behaviour under Short Circuit.
  • Brushless Excitation (without pilot exciter).
  • Brushless Excitation (with pilot exciter).
  • The Diode Bridge.
• Regulation Response Time.
• Automatic Voltage Regulators (AVR).
• The Voltage Regulator.
• AVR Protection.
• The Digital AVR.
• Excitation Control.
  • Rotor Current Limiter.
  • Overfluxing Limit.
• The Power System Stabilizer (PSS).
• Excitation System Analysis.
• Modes of Operation (Voltage Regulation Systems).
• Control of the Excitation System.
• communications
• Redundancy and Fault Tolerance.

 Parallel Operation & Synchronization of AC Generators: Considerations and Applications

• Definition
• Necessity for Synchronizing.
• Parallel Operation of AC Generators.
• The Conditions Required for Paralleling.
• The General Procedure for Paralleling Generators.
• Frequency-Power and Voltage-Reactive Power Characteristics of a Synchronous Generator.
• Operation of Generators in Parallel with Large Power Systems.
• Synchronising at Switchboard.
• Automatic Synchronising.
• Check Synchronising.
• Closing onto Dead Busbar.
• Isochronous & Droop Modes.
• Synchronizing Considerations.
  • Generator Size.
  • Small Machines.
• Types of Automatic Synchronizers.

 Load Sharing & Load Shedding

• Load Sharing.

  • General
  • C. Generators.
  • Control of Generator Loading.
    • Voltage Adjustment.
    • Speed Adjustment.
  • Principles of Parallel Operation.
    • Droop
    • Trimming and Governor Setting.
    • Trimming and Governor Droop.
    • Stability
• Load Shedding.
  • General
  • Modes of Load Shedding
    • Gradual Overload.
    • Fast Acting Load Shedding.
    • Underfrequency Load Shedding.
  • Action
  • Shedding Control.
  • Intelligent load shedding.

 Generator’s Protection & Recommended Schemes

• Important considerations when design protection system.

  • Types of protection.

  • Protection philosophy design.

  • Current and voltage transformers.

  • Auxiliary supplies.

• Generator Protection.

  • Introduction

  • Generator Fault Types.

  • Overload protection (49).

  • Winding Overtemperature Protection (Device 49W).

  • Overcurrent protection (50/51).

  • Voltage Restrain & Controlled Overcurrent Protection (51VR, 51VC).

  • Differential Protection for Stator Faults (87G).

  • Protection against Stator Winding Ground Fault.

  • Field Ground Protection (64G).

  • Loss-of-Excitation Protection (40).

  • Overflux (V/f) definite time protection (24).

  • Current Imbalance (46).

  • Anti-Motoring / Reverse Power Protection (32).

  • Overvoltage Protection (59).

  • Voltage Imbalance Protection (60).

  • Out-of-Step Protection (78).

  • Abnormal Frequency Operation of Turbine-Generator.

  • Protection against Accidental Energization.

  • Breaker failure protection (50BF).

• Industrial generator protection Schemes.

  • Industrial generator protection.

  • Numerical relays.

  • Protection of Generator/Transformer Units.

  • Large generators.

• Generator protection Recommended settings.

• Generator Tripping Principles.

  • Sequential Tripping.

• Common ANSI Numbers.

 Condition Monitoring & Testing Techniques

• Insulation Resistance Monitoring.
  • Insulation resistance test (IR).
  • Components of DC Leakage Current.
  • Megger test.
  • Polarization index test.
  • AC & DC hi-pot test.
  • Measuring insulation degradation.
  • Insulation power factor.
  • On line measuring partial discharge activity for insulation.
  • PDA Curves.

Generator Inspection, Maintenance, testing & Fault conditions

• Generator Inspection and Maintenance.
• On-Load Maintenance and Monitoring.
• Off-Load Maintenance.
• Generator Rotor Reliability and Life Expectancy.
• Generator Experience.
• Thermal Sensitivity.
• Generator Fault Conditions.
• • Stator Ground (Earth) Faults.
  • Stator Phase-to-Phase Faults.
  • Stator Interturn Faults.
  • Negative Phase Sequence Currents.
  • Loss of Generator Excitation.
  • Pole Slipping.
  • Rotor Faults.
• Generator Surveillance and Testing.
• Major Overhaul (Every 8 to 10 Years).
• Generator Diagnostic Testing.
  • Stator Insulation Tests.
  • DC Tests for Stator and Rotor Windings Index.
  • Insulation Resistance and Polarization Index.
  • DC Hipot Test.
  • AC Tests for Stator Windings.
  • Partial Discharge Tests.
    • Off-Line Conventional PD Test.
    • On-Line Conventional PD Test.
  • Stator Turn Insulation Surge Test.
  • Synchronous Machine Rotor Windings.
  • Low Core Flux Test (EL-CID).
• Generator Troubleshooting & Fault Diagnosis.
  • Flashing.
  • Diode tests.
  • Varistor tests.
  • Functional tests.
• Generator Fault Symptoms and Remedies.

RECTUS attendance certificate will be issued to all attendees completing minimum of 80% of the total course duration