The course provides detailed knowledge of how capillarity affects hydrocarbon distribution in a reservoir rock, and how the value of capillary forces can be used to deduce valuable information about rock properties including pore throat sizes, pore geometry, porosity, and permeability. Many exercises will be discussed to illustrate the course

learning and provide students with experience using capillary pressure data for reservoir characterization. Exercises will be worked on the computer using spreadsheet software. At the end of the course participants will be able to

complete a capillary pressure analysis and saturation Height model based on petrophysical rock types.

Participants will learn to:

• Select the appropriate capillary pressure measurement method for a set of desired results
• Closure correct a set of mercury/air capillary pressure data
• Fit and analyze capillary pressure data using Thomeer, Leverett-J, and Brooks-Corey methods Determine the representativeness of a set of capillary pressure curves within a zone of interest
• Estimate permeability from a mercury/air capillary pressure curve
• Calculate pore throat sizes from a capillary pressure curve
• Create a synthetic capillary pressure curve and estimate the air permeability from a petrographic analysis
• Obtain values for interphase tension
• Convert mercury/air capillary pressure curves to hydrocarbon/water capillary pressure curves
• Determine saturation-height distribution in a single-pore system rock or in a multiple- pore system rock
• Determine irreducible water saturation
• Estimate the length of a transition zone
• Predict downdip water level from partial penetration
• Determine clay-bound water using Klein-Hill-Shirley method
• Compare/contrast capillary pressure data with NMR data
• Determine the maximum column of hydrocarbon that a specific sealing layer can sustain without leaking

Geoscientists, petrophysicists, reservoir engineers, and research and development staff who want to gain fundamental and intermediate insight into the capillary properties, understanding the fluid contacts, the free water level and hydrocarbon distribution in reservoir rocks.

Participants should have a basic understanding of using Excel to make calculations and plots. All the exercises and workshops will be completed in Excel.

Day 1 Fundamentals of Capillarity, Wettability

• Pore Geometry system
• Surface phenomena, capillarity, wettability, and interphase tension
• Capillary pressure applications in reservoir characterization
• Rock properties from mercury/air capillary pressures
• Capillary pressure data representativeness
• Capillary forces in reservoir rocks; their measurement
• Representing / upscaling a large number of capillary curves
• Permeability from capillary pressure curves and petrography
• Saturation-height functions
• Competition between capillary and gravity forces
• Imbibition cap curves
• Interpretation of single and multiple pore system rocks
• Clay-bound water
• Capillary pressure NMR
• Seal capacity

Day2

• Understanding the relation of Reservoir quality, fluid contacts, free fluid level ,
  • Capillarity with imbibition and Drainage Process
  • Capillary Curves and Reservoir Quality o OWC Varies with Lithology
• Rock Types and Capillary Pressure Characteristics
• Imbibition: Flooding (Residual Oil Saturation) o Drainage

Day3

• Capillary Measurements and Data Fittings Methods
  • Leverette
  • Brooks and Corey
  • Lambda
  • Modified Lambada
• Thomeer Capillary Pressure Profile Relationship To Pore Throat Distribution

Day 4

• Capillary Pressure Methods in Core Lab and Lab measurements
  • Laboratory Measurement Techniques
  • Porous Plate
  • Mercury Injection
• Centrifuge
  • Advantages and Disadvantages
  • Examples
• Capillary Pressure Tests
• Saturation Height Function
• Models to Height basic concept
• Core PC to SW Height
• PC SW Height Work Flow
• Exercises

Day 5

• Summary of Capillary Pressure, SHF Models and SCAL Work Flow o SCAL analysis workflow & 5 advised Tasks
  • Sw- Height basic concept
  • Core Pc to SW-Height
  • Pc Sw-Height Workflow
  • Advised good fit function to measured data
  • Example Workflow
  • J Function
  • Lambda Function
  • Correlate ‘a’ and ' ’ against Rock Quality
  • Equivalent Radius Function Method ( EQR)
  • Rock Quality Controls on Sw-Height Function Validation
  • Course Summary & Conclusion

Post-course Assessment

Rectus attendance certificate will be issued to all attendees completing minimum of 80% of the total course duration.