The course participants shall be comfortable with the basic concepts of a public telecommunications network, with its separate functions of transmission and switching, and shall be aware of the context for the growth of broadband traffic. No specific prior knowledge is assumed about hardware or software technologies.

Upon the successful completion of this course, participants will be able to:

• Apply an up-to-date knowledge and skills of latest technology in synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) & dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM)
• Implement fiber optics technologies and explore SONET/SDH architectures & services
• Identify SONET frame format structure, payload, synchronization & timing and analyze SONET/SDH network element, architecture, topologies and configurations
• Practice span engineering and manage SONET/SDH networks & services and IP, ATM, WDM and DWDM integration
• List DWDM components and architecture and practice digital voice and plesiochronous digital hierarchy (PDH)
• Apply SONET/SDH protocols & concepts, path overhead and payload mappings
• Analyze SONET/SDH network elements & application, synchronization and multiplexing

This course is designed to provide a detailed knowledge on SONET/SDH/DWDM for telecommunications engineers, technical managers, consultants, communications professionals, software engineers, system engineers, network professionals, and IT professionals

This interactive Training will be highly interactive, with opportunities to advance your opinions and ideas and will include:

• Lectures
• Workshop & Work Presentation
• Case Studies and Practical Exercise
• Videos and General Discussions

Day 1: Introduction

• Broadband Networks 
• B-ISDN, ATM, and SONET/SDH 
• Optical Networks 

 Fiber Optic Fundamentals 

• Access, Metro, Long Hual Networks    

 SONET/SDH Overview 

• Overview, Architectures and Services 

 SONET/SDH in Cable Television & Broadcast Networks 

 SONET/SDH in Enterprise Networks & LANs 

• Convergence of Services 
• Overview of SONET/SDH Structure & Formats 
• Overview of SONET/SDH Products & Features 
• Overview of SONET/SDH Networking 
• Introduction to Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM)

 Overview of Fiber Optics Communications 

• Fiber Optic Transmission 
• Optical Fibers Structure 
• Optical Amplifiers 

 Light Sources and Transmitters 

• Photodiodes and Receivers 
• Optical Communication Systems 
• Optical Components

SONET/SDH Architectures & Services

• Evolving CPE/ILEC/IXCs Infrastructure & Services 
• Inter-Office & Core 
• Networking with SONET/SDH 
• SONET/SDH in the Feeder Section 
• Loop 

 Section & the Last Mile 

• ADSL (Twisted Pair) 
• HFC (Coax)
• FITL/FTTC/FTTH/FTTD (Fiber) 

  Strategies for DWDM & SONET/SDH in the 21st Century

What are the Benefits of SONET/SDH?

• Pointers, MUX/ DEMUX 
• Reduced Back-to-Back Multiplexing 
• Optical Interconnect 
• Multipoint Configurations 
• Convergence, ATM, Video, and SONE/SDH 
• Grooming 
• Reduced Cabling and Elimination of DSX Panels 
• Enhanced OAM&P 
• Enhanced Performance Monitoring

Day 2: SDH/SONET Frame Format Structure             

• STM-1 Building Block 
•  STM-1 Frame Structure 
•  STM-1 Envelope Capacity 
• Synchronous Payload Envelope 
•  STM-N Frame Structure 
•  Overheads 
• Section Overhead Line 
•  Overhead   STM Path Overhead 
•  VC Path Overhead 
•  Pointers   VC Mappings 
•  Concatenated Payloads 
•  Payload Pointers 

•  Positive Stuffing 
•  Negative Stuffing 
•  Virtual Tributaries 
•  DS1 Visibility 
•  VC

Superframe and Envelope Capacity 

•  VC Payload Capacity 
• SDH Multiplexing

SONET/SDH Payloads

Digital and Analog Transmission Standards 

•  Digital Hierarchy 
•  Origin of SONET/SDH 
•  Why SONET/SDH? Why DWDM and WDM? 
•  SONET/SDH Signal Format 
•  STS/OC 
•  STS-1 Frame 
•  SONET Payload Pointers 
•  STS-3 SPE 
•  STS-48 SPE 
•  Virtual Tributaries

SONET Synchronization and Timing

• Straturn Clock 
•  Plesiochronous Clock 
•  Overview of BITS

SONET/SDH Network Architecture

Technical Advantages 

•  Redundancy 
•  Layers & Functions 
•  Network Path, Line, and Section 
•  Multiplexing Frame Structures/Formats 
•  Ring Configurations (Terminals, Drops, Inserts) 
•  Network Synchronization (Timing, Modes, Pointers, Issues) 
•  Applications & Services

SONET/SDH Network Elements

Terminal Multiplexer 

•  Regenerator 
•  Add/Drop Multiplexer 
•  Digital Cross-Connects 
•  Digital Loop Carrier 
•  Protection and Survivability 
•  SONET Rings
•  Element Managers
• SONET/SDH Network Topologies and Configurations
• Point-to-Point 
•  Point-to-Multipoint 
•  Hub Architecture 
•  Ring Architecture

Day 3: Span Engineering                    

Engineering a SONET/SDH and DWDM Link 

•  What are the Factors? 
• Amplifier Power 
•  Amplifier spacing 
•  Fiber Types 
•  Channel Count and Bit Rate 
•  Channel Bit Rate 
•  Dispersion and Polarization 
•  Non-Linear Effects

Managing SONET/SDH Networks and Services 

Customer and Carrier Advantages 

•  OAM&P 
•  Multi-Vendor Interoperability and Management 
•  Routing 
•  Event Management 
•  Performance Management 
•  Integrated SONET/SDH Management 
•  Standards for Network and Service Management 
•  SONET Rings 
•  SONET/SDH Services

Introduction to DWDM

Optical Networking and DWDM 

•  Optical Network Breakthroughs 
•  Special Fibers 
•  S, C and L Bands 
•  Optical Components 
•  Optical Spectral Filters and Gratings 
•  Optical Demultiplexers 
•  The Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA) 
•  The Tunable Laser Diode Operating at 1550 nm 
•  In-Fiber Bragg Grating 
•  Light Sources 
•  Optical Cross-Connects 
•  Optical Add-Drop Multiplexers 
•  DWDM and SONET
• SONET/SDH, IP, ATM, WDM and DWDM Integration

Interworking Issues and Challenges 

•  Protection and Restoration 
•  Network Management and Service Delivery 
•  Mapping IP on SONET 
•  MPLS/GMPLS   
• QoS

DWDM Components and Architecture

DWDM Anatomy 

•  DWDM Impairments 
•  DWDM Optical Amplifiers 
•  DWDM Filter Modules 
•  Wavelength Converters 
•  Integrated DWDM Modules 
• Modal Effects 
•  Scattering Effects 
•  Miscellaneous Effects

Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) (Optional)

Basic Rates 

•  Frame Structure 
•  Overhead Bytes 
•  STM-4, STM-16 and STM-64 
•  Tributary Units (TUs) 
•  SONET and SDH Compatibility

SDH Overhead

Regenerator Section Overhead 

•  Multiplex Section Overhead 
•  Higher-Order Path Overhead (VC-4/VC-3) 
•  Lower-Order Path Overhead (VC-2/VC-1) 
•  SDH Anomalies, Defects, Failures, and Alarms 
•  SDH Error Performance Monitoring 
•  SDH Pointers 
•  Payload Pointers 
•  Positive Pointer Justification
•  Negative Pointer Justification 
•  SDH Multiplexing 
•  SDH Tributary Multiplexing 
•  Tributary Unit Group 
•  TU Multiframe 
•  TU Payload Pointer 
• Automatic Protection Switching 
•  Multiplex Section Protection, K1/K2 Bytes 
• 1+1 Protection 
•  1:N Protection

Day 4: Digital Voice and Plesiochronous                    

Digital Hierarchy (PDH)

Digital Network Synchronization 

•  Network Timing and Synchronization Concepts 
•  PDH Relationships and Network Elements 
•  Frequency Justification 
•  Limitations of PDH

SONET/SDH: Protocols and Concepts

Benefits and Features of SONET/SDH 

•  Evolution from PDH to SONET/SDH Plesiochronous Networks 
•  Building-Block Signals 
•  Unifying SONET and SDH
•  Frame Structures 
•  Overhead Functions 
•  SONET/SDH Rates and Architectures 
•  Details of Pointer Processing 
•  Pointer Adjustment, Positive and Negative Justification 
•  Pointer Errors

SONET/SDH Path Overhead and Payload Mappings

Compare and Contrast STS-1 SPE and AU-3 

•    Compare and Contrast STS-3c SPE and AU-4 
•  DS-3 Mapping into STS-1 SPE and VC-3 
•  E-4 Mapping into STS-3c SPE and VC-4 TUG-3 and TU-3 
•  Virtual Tributary / Tributary Unit Group 
•  Pointers and Payload Mappings 
•  Tandem Connections 
•  ATM Cell Mapping 
•  Packet over SONET Mapping 
•  10G Ethernet over SONET 
• Limitations of Octet HDLC in High Bit Error Ratio (BER) Environments 
• Simplified Data Link (SDL) Protocol

SONET/SDH Network Elements and Applications

Terminal Multiplexers (TMs) 

•  Functional Block Diagram of TMs 
•  Automatic Protection Switching (APS) 
•  APS Detail: 
•  Linear APS, 1+1, 1:n, 1:1, Bidirectional, and Unidirectional 
•  Revertive and Non-Revertive 
•  Meaning and Operation of K1 and K2 Bytes 
•  Add/Drop Multiplexers (ADMs) 
• Functional Block Diagram of ADMs

 Day 5: SONET/SDH Network Elements and Applications (cont’d)

Types of Rings, Ring and Span APS 

•  UPSR and BLSR, MS-USHR, Virtual Rings, SNCP, MS-SP Ring, and MS-DP Ring 
•  Limitations of TDM Rings and Methods to Resolve Them 
•  Digital Cross-Connects (DCCs) 
•  The Role DCCs in Rings, Meshes, and Virtual Rings 
•  Next Generation Digital Loop Carrier (NGDLC) 
• Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexers (DSLAMs) 
•  SONET/SDH Interfaces on Switches and Routers

Synchronizing SDH and SONET

Evolution of Timing and Synchronization 

•  Virtual Container 
•  Regenerator Section Overhead 
•  Multiplex Section Overhead 
•  Higher-Order Path Overhead (VC-4/VC-3) 
•  Lower-Order Path Overhead (VC-2/VC-1) 
• Anomalies, Defects, Failures, and Alarms 
•  Error Performance Monitoring
• Pointers 
•  Payload Pointers 
•  Positive Pointer Justification 
•  Negative Pointer Justification

SONET/SDH Multiplexing

SDH Tributary Multiplexing 

•  Tributary Unit Group TU Multiframe 
•  TU Payload Pointer Automatic Protection Switching 
•  Multiplex Section Protection, K1/K2 Bytes 
•  1+1 Protection 1:N Protection 
•  SONET/SDH Telecommunications Standard Primer 
•  SONET/SDH Multiplexing 
• SONET/SDH Signal Hierarchy 
•  Network Generic Applications

SONET/SDH Multiplexing (cont’d)

Network Generic Applications: Equipment and Uses 

•  Cross-Connect Types 
• Trends in Deployment 
•  Network Design
•  SDH Timing Compensation 
•  SDH Network Management 
•  SDH Performance Monitoring 
•  SDH Synchronization

A RECTUS attendance certificate will be awarded to all participants who complete at least 80% of the total course duration.